Unused Constructor Dependencies
Some classes simply require multiple dependencies that don’t always get used. When testing such a class, there are several options for supplying the constructor parameters that will not be used. I prefer to write tests that are as intention-revealing as possible.
To demonstrate, here is a simple example of a payment processing class. Think of the credit card machines that are found at the local grocery store. The basic flow is for the customer to approve the charge amount, then swipe their credit card or debit card and complete the transaction. Below, the PaymentProcessor is responsible for displaying the current charge amount to a user, verifying that they accept the amount, and then sending transaction information to the bank to request funds. Here is an example implementation:
1: public class PaymentProcessor
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 2:</span> {</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 4:</span> <span style="color: #0000ff">private</span> <span style="color: #0000ff">readonly</span> IBankService _bankService;</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 5:</span> <span style="color: #0000ff">private</span> <span style="color: #0000ff">readonly</span> IUserVerification _ui;</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 6:</span> </pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 8:</span> IBankInformationReader bankInformationReader, </pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 12:</span> _bankInformationReader = bankInformationReader;</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 16:</span> </pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 17:</span> <span style="color: #0000ff">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff">bool</span> ProcessPayment(<span style="color: #0000ff">double</span> amount)</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 25:</span> }</pre>
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<span style="font-size: medium">The PaymentProcessor depends on IBankInformationReader, IBankService, and IUserVerification. If the user declines the payment amount, then processing should stop immediately. You can see this behavior above in lines 19-20.</span>
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<span style="font-size: medium">Under this scenario, then PaymentProcessor should never interact with either the IBankInformationReader (used for reading the credit card swipe) or the IBankService (used for submitting the transaction). My preference is to pass null for the dependencies that shouldn’t be used, but to do so in an intention-revealing way. Here is an example:</span>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 1:</span> [Test]</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 3:</span> {</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 5:</span> </pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 7:</span> IBankService bankServiceShouldNotBeUsed = <span style="color: #0000ff">null</span>;</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 8:</span> </pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 9:</span> var ui = Stub<IUserVerification>();</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 10:</span> ui.Stub(x => x.VerifyAmount(amount)).Return(<span style="color: #0000ff">false</span>);</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 11:</span> </pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 12:</span> var processor = <span style="color: #0000ff">new</span> PaymentProcessor(</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 13:</span> cardReaderShouldNotBeUsed, bankServiceShouldNotBeUsed, ui);</pre>
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<span style="font-size: medium">Rather than simply passing the value null to the constructor in lines 12-13, I’ve used some local variables. This allows the test to clearly show intent. In this case, the test states that PaymentProcessor should never use the bank service or the card reader when the user declines the transaction. And, by using a null, we know that the test will fail if the PaymentProcessor tries to use those dependencies. </span>
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<span style="font-size: medium">There is another option which is equally intention revealing but somewhat more noisy. We could use a mocking framework to generate the dependencies and then verify at the end of the test that they have never been used:</span>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 1:</span> [Test]</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 2:</span> <span style="color: #0000ff">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff">void</span> should_not_charge_if_the_user_declines_the_amount()</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 3:</span> {</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 4:</span> <span style="color: #0000ff">double</span> amount = 4.50;</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 5:</span> </pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 6:</span> var cardReader = Stub<IBankInformationReader>();</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 11:</span> </pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 12:</span> var processor = <span style="color: #0000ff">new</span> PaymentProcessor(</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 13:</span> cardReader, bankService, ui);</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 15:</span> processor.ProcessPayment(amount).ShouldBeFalse();</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 16:</span> cardReader.AssertWasNotCalled(x => x.GetBankInformation());</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 17:</span> bankService.AssertWasNotCalled(x => x.RequestFunds(0, <span style="color: #0000ff">null</span>), </pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: #f4f4f4;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 18:</span> o => o.IgnoreArguments());</pre>
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<pre style="border-style: none;margin: 0em;padding: 0px;overflow: visible;font-size: 8pt;width: 100%;color: black;direction: ltr;line-height: 12pt;font-family: 'Courier New',courier,monospace;background-color: white;text-align: left"><span style="color: #606060"> 19:</span> }</pre>
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<span style="font-size: medium">The problem that I have with this test is all the noise on lines 16-17. I would rather reveal this intention through some well-named variables.</span>
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